Drawing and drafting are forms of visual language that use lines,pictorial images,and symbols to convey specific meanings.Like spoken language,written language,and body language,this visual language has its own unique applications.In the design filed,drawing,also called sketching or idea generation,is used as a technique for developing and communication ideas.Preliminary sketches are used to initial and explore basic concept,as illustrated .These can be presented to others as is ,or refined into presentation drawings that are developed to scale and rendered in more detail.Drawing is thus a means of communication used by designers to effectively convey ideas and converse with one another about how to turn them into reality.
Drafting is a particular type of drawing that conveys specific information about something's size,composition,assembly,and other exacting characteristics.Drafting is usually a means to an end;that is,it serves as a guide on how to make something.For these reasons,drafting is founded on a number of basic premises and rules.A drafts-person's specialized drawings,generally referred to as working drawings or construction drawings,help the designer to develop ideas and communicate to the builder the exact parameters of their design concept-assisting in the construction of a physical interior environment or building construction drawings require a great deal of effort to draw,as they must be dear,concise and accurate,with high-quality lines and legible dimension and notes.
To draw and draft at a professional level,one must learn some basic skills and techniques.This chapter will introduce the basics needed to quality and easily readable drawings and so effectively communicate with others.
STARTING THE DRAWINGS :-
Drawings are executed on a paper or plastic sheet that is placed on the drawing board or surface.It is usually held in place on the drawings surface with drafting tape placed at the four comers,as illustrated.The opposite comers are pulled and taped alternately to stretch and flatten the sheet.When one is finished with the drawing or needed to remove it for a short period of time,the tape is carefully removed and discarded.The sheet can then be stored flat or rolled for convenience.There is a tendency for beginners to roll original drawings and prints with the original line work or printed side on the inside,probably in an effort to protect the line work.However,the preferred way to roll a drawing is to do it with the printed information on the outside.In this way,as the drawing is unrolled,it will tend to curl away from the viewer and towards the surface it is placed on.This keeper the drawing from constantly cutting up towards the viewer.This keeps the drawing from constantly curing up towards the viewer.This technique is also effective for multiple copies stapled together in sets.
Drawings are produced on a variety of surfaces with varying types of media as discussed.One of the first steps in composing a property scared drawing is to select the best size and format for the surface.To do this effectively,a number of variables must be taken into account.These include the complexity and scale of the drawing the reproduction technique selected and the viewing conditions the reader will be under.
DRAWING PAGE LAYOUT :-
Original drawings,particularly those done in pencil,need to be kept clean to provide for the clearest reproduction.smudged drawing will often produce smudged prints that are difficult and time-consuming to read.Graphite from pencils is the greatest threat to drawing cleanliness.Sliding hands,elbows,and equipment over pencil lines will blur them and produce an undesirable pattern over the entire drawing surface.The same is true with ink drawings, whether they are done by hand or computer.Time must be allowed for the link to dry.Equipment should be lifted and placed over drawings,not slid from one area to another.Regular washing of hands and equipment will also help prevent smudging of line work.
In manual drawing,one should start with very light lines and darken those as needed for the final drawing.On the computer ,"pen" settings determine the value or thickness of a line.There is no preliminary stage of drawing with light lines.It is good practice to start drawing at the upper portion of the sheet and progress towards the bottom of the page.In this way,most drawings will not be disturbed as you move the equipment and hands down the sheet.Of course,computer drawing allows one to begin almost anywhere on the sheet,compose the drawings,and print out the results in one clean plot.The machine doesn't worry about top to bottom or left to right.It follows the composition set by the designer.
LINE TYPE :-
Lines are drawn to describe objects.Hidden,conditions,and important relationships between components and space.A line drawn on a surface has both direction and weight.The weight of a line refers to its thickness and intensity; a line can also be continuous or dashed.The direction can be straight,curved,diagonal,or a combination of these in drawings,continuous lines of various weight are used to represent objects and major elements such as structural walls and columns.Dotted lines are usually used to denote objects hidden from view.However,they can also be used to denote other thongs,such as a wheelchair turning radius or ceiling height changes on a floor plan.The following are the most commonly used line types.Examples are shown in figure.
- Cutting lines; show major slices in a building or object.
- Object lines; Show major outlines or building elements or object.
- Hidden lines; Indicate areas or objects hidden behind others.They are also used to show objects above the cutting plane of a floor plan,such as wall cabinets,beams,arches,etc.
- Center-lines:Locate the symmetrical center or objects such as windows,doors,beams,and walls.
- Dimension lines and extension lines; indicate the physical dimension of objects.Dimensions are placed directly above the dimension lines or inserted within it.
- Leaders;line extending from text and ending with an arrow,pointing to an object or place.
- Break lines;indicate where an object or area is not drawn in its entirety.
- Layout lines; are used in the preliminary blocking out of components and for lettering guidelines.
LINE WEIGHT AND THEIR USES:-
Line weight refers to the blackness (intensity) and width of a line on the drawing surface.In general,heavy (dark) lines are used to represent cutting planes and contours (or outer boundaries) of an object.In a floor plan view,it is often the walls that are drawn with the darkest lines in order to define the spaces.These lines appear to be the closet to the viewer and are perceived as major elements.Medium and lighter lines appear to be farther away from the viewer and are used for secondary emphasis.
Drawing for interior design projects generally use three line widths;thick (dark),medium,and thin (light)thick lines are generally twice as wide as thin lines,Usually1/12inch or about 0.8mm wide.Thin lines are approximately 3/14 inch or 0.4 mm wide.Medium lines fall between these two extremes.In pencil drawings.each type can be further broken down,depending on the variety of lead and level of pressure.With the variety of mechanical pencils on the market today,it is easy to control line widths.As discussed in earlier.Fine-line mechanical pencils are available in a 0.3,0.5,0.7,or 0.9mm lead.By switching to different pencils,the drafter can vary line weight easily.
Line weight & Line types
Line types
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